"Newspapers described the debate, and many in Britain were dismayed. The controversy over the debate inspired another, larger, noisier debate at Oxford, with Winston Churchill's son, Randolph, leading the debate against the pacifists. And the pacifists won by a larger margin: 750 to 138.

"Similar debates at the London School of Economics resulted in a pacifist resolution that was supported unanimously. Aberystwyth University in Wales voted 186 to 99 for pacifism. Manchester University voted for pacifism 371 to 196. And students in Canada and New Zealand voted with the Oxford pacifists. Hitler was watching and, contemptuous of pacifists, he was encouraged.

"Winston Churchill was outraged."

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